Jacqueline Fernandez Set To Train In Indian Martial Arts!

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Jacqueline Fernandez is probably one actress who can easily be the poster girl for fitness and health in Bollywood. She's a big time workout junkie, and one look at her Instagram account will tell you she's into health foods as well! And the latest buzz is that the actress would be training in South Indian martial arts form of Kalaripayattu, for her next film with Varun Dhawan. Yes! She'll be starring against Varun in a flick directed by Varun's brother, Rohit Dhawan. Apparently the role requires her to do some hardcore stunts and for that she needs to be at her athletic best. So, she'll be heading to Thiruvananthapuram for a week to learn the Indian martial arts form.

But she's not the only Bollywood actress who'll be performing her own stunts. Check out Sonakshi Sinha sweating it out to to her stunts in the upcoming movie, Akira

EXCLUSIVE: Jewish group slams mixed martial arts, linking sport to Abu Dhabi government and anti-Israel attacks

JOHN LOCHER/AP

Legalizing mixed martial arts in New York could benefit a major anti-Israel force, according to a group of Jewish leaders.ALBANY — The fight against mixed martial arts has escalated, with a group of prominent New York Jewish leaders saying that legalizing the controversial sport could benefit a major anti-Israel force.

The group has penned a letter to “friends of the Jewish community” that will go to state lawmakers and run in Jewish publications highlighting the fact that the Abu Dhabi government owns a 10% stake in the sport’s biggest league — the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Abu Dhabi is part of the United Arab Emirates, which the Anti-Defamation League ranked as one of the most anti-Semitic countries in the world, the letter says.

“This is a country that refuses to recognize Israel as a nation, refuses to allow Israeli citizens to travel in their country, and has banned the teaching of the Holocaust in their schools,” the letter says.

BRYAN PACE/FOR NEW YORK DAILY NEWS

Rabbi Joseph Potasnik, executive vice president of the New York Board of Rabbis, is among those who signed the letter, which emphasizes the fact that the Abu Dhabi government owns a 10% stake in the sport’s biggest league — the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Until now, the fight against legalizing MMA, which has been banned in New York since 1997, has focused mainly on criticism that the sport is barbaric, anti-woman and anti-gay — claims league officials vehemently deny.

This is the first time Jewish leaders as a group have weighed in.

“At a time when anti-Semitism is on the rise, we cannot stand by while Albany cuts a deal with a company whose profits will go directly into the hands of an enemy of Israel,” the letter says. “It is our hope that New York will continue its proud tradition as a staunch friend to the Jewish community by rejecting the legalization of mixed martial arts and saying no to a company and country that is clearly no friend of Israel.”

MIKE GROLL/AP

Assembly Speaker Carl Heastie (D-Bronx) used to be a co-sponsor of the bill to legaliza MMA, which has been banned in the state since 1997.

A television ad with a similar theme will run in the near future.

Among the 17 leaders who signed the letter are Rabbi Joseph Potasnik, executive vice president of the New York Board of Rabbis; Yoel Schonfeld, a rabbi for the Orthodox Union and Young Israel of Kew Gardens Hills synagogue in Queens; Rabbi David Keehn of the Queens Jewish Community Council, and Jeffrey Wiesenfeld, a principal with Bernstein Global Wealth Management and the son of two Holocaust survivors.

Ultimate Fighting Championship officials fought back Sunday by saying that Abu Dhabi is not only considered an ally of the United States, but also has dealings with major New York City developers like Sam Zell and Stephen Ross and ownership stakes in “iconic” New York City real estate like the Chrysler Building and the Time Warner Center in Columbus Circle.

JEFF BOTTARI/ZUFFA LLC VIA GETTY IMAGES

UFC light heavyweight champion Jon Jones holds his championship belt for the fans during the UFC 178 Ultimate Media Day at the MGM Grand Hotel/Casino last year in Las Vegas.

“This desperate, misinformed, last-minute attack borders on racial and ethnic stereotypes that have no place in public discourse,” said Ultimate Fighting Championship spokesman Steven Greenberg.

Assemblyman Phil Goldfeder (D-Queens), an Orthodox Jew who is a co-sponsor of the mixed martial arts legalization bill, said, “It offends me that there are those who will use any excuse to play politics with our economy. This is just another tactic by the opposition to cloud the real issue.”

The state Senate has passed an MMA legalization bill the past five years, only to see it die in the Assembly.

Assembly Speaker Carl Heastie (D-Bronx) used to be a co-sponsor on the legalization bill,giving hope to supporters that it may pass before the end of the legislative session in June.

తోటలో మొక్కలు; అడవిలో చెట్లు

అక్బర్ బాద్ షా తన ఇష్టమైన మంత్రి బీర్బల్ తో షికారుకు ఒక నాడు బయలుదేరాడు. దారిలో ఒక ఆటవిక స్త్రీ చెట్టుకింద కూర్చుని ఆయాస పడడం చూసారు.

కొంత సేపటికి తిరిగి కోట వైపు వెళ్తుంటే ఆ స్త్రీ ఒక బిడ్డకి జన్మనిచ్చి ఆ బిడ్డని గుడ్డల్లో చుట్టి, ప్రసవమైన ఆ ప్రదేశాన్ని శుభ్రం చేసి, తన దారిని చక చక బిడ్డను తీసుకుని వెళ్ళిపోయింది.

ఇది చూసిన అక్బర్ బాద్ షా బిడ్డను ప్రసవించడం అంత సునాయసమని అపోహ పడ్డారు.

ఇంటికి వచ్చి, గర్భవతి ఐన తన బేగంకి పరిచారకులు అవసరంలేదని, తన పనులు తనే చేసుకోవాలని చెప్పి, వాళ్ళను వేరే పనులు చేసుకోమని మళ్ళించారు.

నిండు గర్భవతి ఐన బేగం తన పనులు చేసుకోవటం అలవాటు లేక, చాలా ఇబ్బంది పడసాగింది.

తట్టుకోలేక ఒక రోజు బీర్బల్ను సహాయం అర్థించింది.

బీర్బల్ ఇంత నాజూకైన విషయం అక్బర్ బాద్ షా తో యెలా చెప్పాలని సతమతమయ్యాడు.

అలోచించగా ఒక ఉపాయం తట్టింది.

కోట లోని తోటమాలిని కొద్ది రోజులు మొక్కలకి నీళ్ళు పోయవద్దని చెప్పాడు.

రోజు తోటలో విహరించడం అలవాటైన అక్బర్ ఒక రోజు అలాగే తోటలో వుండగా మొక్కలు నీరసించి వాడిపోతూ వుండడం గమనించాడు. వెంటనే తోట మాలిని విషయం చెప్పమని ఆగ్రహించాడు.

తోట మాలి బీర్బల్ ఆదేశాననుసారం మొక్కలకు నీళ్ళు పోయటంలేదని చెప్పాడు.

క్రొధంతో అక్బర్ బీర్బల్ను పిలిపించాడు. “మొక్కలు నీళ్ళు లేకపోతే యెండిపోవ?” అని కోపంతో కేకలు వేయ సాగాడు.

బీర్బల్ అప్పుడు నిదానంగా, “బాద్ షా! అడవిలో పెద్ద పెద్ద వృక్షాలు యే తోట మాలి సహాయం లేకుండా, రోజు నీళ్ళు పోయకుండ, పెరిగాయికద? అలాగే మరి మన కోట లో తోటలకి ఇంత మంది సేవకులు యెందుకు?” అన్నాడు.

వెంటనే అక్బర్కు ఙ్యానోదయమయ్యింది. బీర్బల్ సున్నితంగా ఇచ్చిన సూచనను గ్రహించి వెంటనే రాణి గారికి పరిచారకులను పురమాయించాడు.

 

ఈగ పేరు

ఒక ఈగ ఒక రోజు ఇల్లు అలుకుతూ అలుకుతూ దాని పేరు అదే మర్చిపోయింది. ఎంతాలోచించినా పేరు గుర్తు రాలేదు.

ఇంట్లో వున్న పెద్దమ్మకి పేరు తెలుస్తుందని వెళ్ళింది.

“పెద్దమ్మా, నా పేరేంటి?” అంది.

“నాకేమి తెలుసు, నేను రోజంతా ఇంట్లోనే వుంటాను, అడవిలో వున్న నా కొడుకునడుగు” అంది పెద్దమ్మ.

ఈగ అడవిలోకి వెళ్ళింది.

“పెద్దమ్మా; పెద్దమ్మ కొడుకా, నా పేరేంటి?” అంది.

“నాకేంతెలుసు, నేను నరుకుతున్న చెట్టునడుగు, నాకన్నా బలంగా వుంది” అన్నాడు పెద్దమ్మ కొడుకు.

“పెద్దమ్మా; పెద్దమ్మ కొడుకు, కొడుకు కొట్టే చెట్టు, నా పేరేంటి?” అంది ఈగ.

“నాకు తెలీదు, నన్ను కొట్టే ఈ గొడ్డలిని అడుగు”, అంది చెట్టు.

“పెద్దమ్మా; పెద్దమ్మ కొడుకు, కొడుకు కొట్టే చెట్టు, చెట్టు కొట్టే గొడ్డలీ, నా పేరేంటి?” అంది ఈగ.

“నాకన్నా పెద్దది, ఈ నదినడుగు” అంది గొడ్డలి.

“పెద్దమ్మా; పెద్దమ్మ కొడుకు, కొడుకు కొట్టే చెట్టు, చెట్టు కొట్టే గొడ్డలీ, గొడ్డలి పక్క నది, నా పేరేంటి?” అంది ఈగ.

“నా నీళ్ళన్నీ తాగేస్తున్న ఈ రాజుగారి గుఱ్ఱముంది కద, దీనిని అడుగు” అంది నది.

“పెద్దమ్మా; పెద్దమ్మ కొడుకు, కొడుకు కొట్టే చెట్టు, చెట్టు కొట్టే గొడ్డలీ, గొడ్డలి పక్క నది, నది నీళ్ళు తాగే గుఱ్ఱం, నా పేరేంటి?” అంది ఈగ.

“నాకు తెలీదు, నా కడుపులోని బిడ్డనడుగు” అంది గుఱ్ఱం

“పెద్దమ్మా; పెద్దమ్మ కొడుకు, కొడుకు కొట్టే చెట్టు, చెట్టు కొట్టే గొడ్డలీ, గొడ్డలి పక్క నది, నది నీళ్ళు తాగే గుఱ్ఱం, గుఱ్ఱం కడుపులో బిడ్డా, నా పేరేంటి?” అంది ఈగ.

గుఱ్ఱం పిల్ల, “ఇహి ఇహి ఇహి ఇహి ఇహి ఈగ!” అంటూ నవ్వింది!

అయోమొహం పెట్టుకుంది మన మతిమరుపు ఈగ.

Karate class

 

Tulane Karate Club

 

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Instructors | Officers | Black-Belt Earners

 

Background and Current State of the Tulane Karate Club (TKC)

Master Takayuki Mikami, 9th Dan JKA and several times All-Japan Champion, founded the Tulane Karate Club in the late 1960's.  Mr. Mikami was one of the very first instructors sent from Japan to the United States, is one of the most senior JKA Master worldwide, and the Chief-Instructor of the Japan Karate Association-American Federation, a JKA national organization of the United States.  He comes to Tulane once a semester to give a belt test and clinic, and TKC members supplement their training at Master Mikami's dojo, the Louisiana Karate Association.  Kyriakos Papadopoulos, 6th Dan JKA, has been the principal instructor of the Tulane Karate Club since 1989.

 

Club Instructors

	(with part of the Tulane team in the 2000 ISKF/JKA  Nationals in Philadelphia)
	Kyriakos Papadopoulos  kyriakos@tulane.edu		DimitriPapadopoulos    dimitripops@gmail.com
	6th Dan JKA, JKA instructor (B), examiner (C), judge (A)		5th Dan JKA, JKA Instructor (C); examiner (D); judge (C)
	A professor of chemical engineering at Tulane since 1981, Kyriakos started training in karate as a young Tulane professor, by taking a PE class taught by Takayuki Mikami in the Spring Semester of 1982 at Tulane.  He made black-belt in 1988 and started teaching the TKC in 1989.  He took third place in the heavy-weight black-belt kumite of the All-South in 1996 and 1998, years he also competed in the ISKF Nationals.  In addition to teaching the TKC, Kyriakos trains regularly with Master Mikami.  He has also practiced and teaches other martial arts: he is a 4th Dan in Judo (USJF), and has tested successfully under Nariyama Shihan in the Osaka Honbu dojo for his Shodan, Nidan and Sandan in Shodokan Aikido.  He prides himself equally for the accomplishments of his students, as well as for having trained in karate without interruption since he started.  Kyriakos has been an official in two JKA Funakoshi Gichin Shotocups, in Thailand (2011) as a judge and in Tokyo (2014) as an Assistant Coach of the US Team.		Dimitri started his karate training at the Tulane Karate Club in 1990 and has trained and taught in that club since.  Six-times national champion for the US JKA organizations, as a member of the US JKA national team since 2000, he has represented the US in Pan American and World tournaments, including the recent 13th World Shotocup of the JKA (2014).  In the adult black-belt division, he has won the All-South tournament 13 times for kumite and six times for kata.  He obtained his BA in History in May 2005 and a second Bachelors (concentration in biological sciences) in 2008.  In 2011 he got his Masters (concentration in biological sciences). Since then, he has been full-time faculty at Delgado Community College, where, among other subjects,  he teaches Human Anatomy and Physiology, subjects in which he has a strong interest as a complement to the physical study of karate.  Besides the Tulane Karate Club, he is the instructor of the New Orleans JCC Karate Club, and he also teaches karate at Newman School in New Orleans.

          

	Devin Fadaol   cdf@mcsalaw.com		Sharon Davidson Brown sharondavidsonbrown@gmail.com
	4th Dan JKA		4th Dan JKA
	Devin started karate in high-school and came to Tulane as freshman with a brown belt (3rd kyu) in 1993.  He has been junior National Champion (AAU), National Champion of the light-weight division in the 1996 Championships of the USAKF, National Collegiate Champion of the ISKF in 1996, and several-times member of the kumite National Team of the USANKF, as well as of the team of the Southern Region in the ISKF National Championship.  As a member of the ISKF National Team, he won a men's team sparring gold medal in Panama City, Panama, in the 10th PanAmerican Karate Championship on Aug 15, 2004.  He has won the All-South five times and has placed almost every year since the late nineties.  In the ISKF Nationals he got a bronze in kumite (2006), was the Men's Kumite National Campion of JKA-AF on 2008, has placed in the top eight several times and has been member of its US Team several times, including the combined 2006 US JKA team sent to the Shotocup in Sydney, and the 2011 JKA Funakoshi Cup (11th Shotocup) in Bankgok, Thailand.  He was also a US Team member for the recent 13th JKA Shotocup (Tokyo, October, 2014).  In addition to his tournament successes, Devin has contributed to TKC since he was an undergraduate student by serving as club treasurer and president.  After graduating from Tulane College, Devin attended Tulane Law School, has been working as an attorney since 2000 and is a partner in his law firm.		Sharon started karate at Tulane as a sophomore in 1995.  She trained and competed with the Tulane Karate Club till Katrina (2005), being also one of the club's junior instructors.  in 2005, she moved to the North East where she graduated from Temple University's Law School and worked as a lawyer.  Winning individual kumite silver in the Nationals of 2004, she was invited to the combined USA JKA Team trials of Boston and represented the US in the 2006 JKA Shotocup in Australia.  She moved back to New Orleans with her husband and son in 2011, and, has placed in every championship sponsored by JKA AF since then, winning the women's individual kumite and taking the Bronze in the All-South of 2014.  On Feb 1, 2014, she was one of the two top picks for the 13th JKA Shotocup in Tokyo, October 2014.

 

 

Officers 

President: Harry Rahn    hrahn@tulane.edu   Vice-President:  Allen Zhang  azhang2@tulane.edu   Secrectary:   Sicheng Jiang  sjiang2@tulane.edu   Treasurer:    Ruizhi Xu  rxu1@tulane.edu

 

Black Belts

List of those who obtained their JKA black belts as members of the Tulane Karate Club  This list is incomplete and some of the dates are uncertain before 1992, so please e-mail us  with additions and corrections (about you or others) at kyriakos@tulane.edu ( ) in parentheses we show higher Dans obtained after the karateka left Tulane     Dimitri Papadopoulos Shodan 1994 Nidan 1996 Sandan  2001 Yondan 2007 Godan 2012   Devin Fadaol Shodan 1994 Nidan 1997 Sandan  2000 Yondan 2003   Sharon Davidson Brown Shodan 1999 Nidan 2001 Sandan  2004 Yondan 2013   Tracy Hamlin Shodan 1995 Nidan 1998 Sandan  2001   Laura Papadopoulos Shodan 1995 Nidan 1998   Ian Foley Shodan 1997 Nidan 1999   Rachel Neil-Stix Shodan 1999 Nidan 2001 (Sandan 10, LKA)   Dominique Langford Shodan 2000 Nidan 2002   Madina Papadopoulos Shodan 1998 Nidan 2002   Edith Pike-Biegunska Shodan 2000 Nidan 2002 (Sandan 04, Japan) (Yondan '11, NY)   Nancy Lee Shodan 1998 Nidan 2011   Steven Gasior Shodan 2003 Nidan 2011   Amanda Johnson Shodan 2003 Nidan 2011   Natsumi Sugiyama Shodan 2008 Nidan 2011   Andy Escobar Shodan 1981? (Nidan ??) (Sandan ??)   Jody Bremer Shodan 1982   Aaron Hoopes                  Shodan 1984 (Nidan, JAPAN 87) (Sandan, JAPAN 95)   Lou Kuhlman Shodan 1986   Mike Moss Shodan 1986   Errol Walcott Shodan 1992   Clauber Scarparo Shodan 1995   Ruth Chang Shodan 1995 (Nidan, MICHIGAN. 97)   Livia Veress Shodan 1995   Richard Browning Shodan 1996   John Colladay Shodan 1997   My-Thanh Kim Shodan 1997   Dan Zajac Shodan 1997   Sol Irvine Shodan 1998   Corey Lambert Shodan 1999   Jacquelynn Nelson Shodan 2000   Noah Kaufman Shodan 2000   Ken Gulotta Shodan 2001   Alex Hessler Shodan 2002   Sarah Tetlow Shodan 2002   Jeff Finn Shodan 2003   Jason Thomas Shodan 2003   Federico Lértora Shodan 2004   Cindy Littleton Hetzer Shodan 2006   SriRamGopal Naraharisetty Shodan 2008   Nathan Thomas Shodan 2008   Sandeep P. Koka Shodan 2008   Austin Orgah Shodan 2008   Monica Portal Shodan 2008   Jennifer Mefford Shodan 2008   Lorenzo Gonzalez-Fontes Shodan 2009   Veronica Leandrez Shodan 2009   Ian Kersting (JCC club) Shodan 2009   Pedram Amini Shodan 2010   Nathan Goggans Shodan 2010   Chris Li Shodan 2010   Josh Burns Shodan 2010 Nidan (not JKA)   Antony Sandoval Shodan 2011   Peixi Zhu Shodan 2011   Michael Duplantis Shodan 2013   Eric Rawls Shodan 2013   Harry Rahn Shodan 2014

Karate black

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Karate International

Karate History Most Western students of Asian martial arts, if they have done any research on the subject at all, will surely have come across references to Bodhidharma. He is known as "Daruma" in Japan and as often as not, this Indian Buddhist monk is cited as the prime source for all martial arts styles or at the very least, for any style which traces its roots back to the fabled Shaolin Temple. However, the question of his contributions to the martial arts and to Zen Buddhism and even of his very existence has been a matter of controversy among historians and martial arts scholars for many years (Spiessbach,1992). As legend has it, the evolution of karate began over a thousand years ago, possibly as early as the fifth century BC when Bodhidharma arrived in Shaolin-si (small forest temple), China from India and taught Zen Buddhism. He also introduced a systematized set of exercises designed to strengthen the mind and body, exercises which allegedly marked the beginning of the Shaolin style of temple boxing. Bodhidharma's teachings later became the basis for the majority of Chinese martial arts. In truth, the origins of karate appear to be somewhat obscure and little is known about the early development of karate until it appeared in Okinawa. Okinawa is a small island of the group that comprises modern day Japan. It is the main island in the chain of Ryuku Islands which spans from Japan to Taiwan. Surrounded by coral, Okinawa is approximately 10 km (6 mi) wide and only about 110 km (less than 70 mi) long. It is situated 740 km (400 nautical mi) east of mainland China, 550 km (300 nautical miles) south of mainland Japan and an equal distance north of Taiwan. Being at the crossroads of major trading routes, its significance as a "resting spot" was first discovered by the Japanese. It later developed as a trade center for southeastern Asia, trading with Japan, China, Indo China, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo and the Philippines. In its earliest stages, the martial art known as "karate" was an indigenous form of closed fist fighting which was developed in Okinawa and called Te, or 'hand'. Weapons bans, imposed on the Okinawans at various points in their history, encouraged the refinement of empty-hand techniques and, for this reason, was trained in secret until modern times. Further refinement came with the influence of other martial arts brought by nobles and trade merchants to the island. Te continued to develop over the years, primarily in three Okinawan cities: Shuri, Naha and Tomari. Each of these towns was a center to a different sect of society: kings and nobles, merchants and business people, and farmers and fishermen, respectively. For this reason, different forms of self-defense developed within each city and subsequently became known as Shuri-te, Naha-te and Tomari-te. Collectively they were calledOkinawa-Te or Tode, 'Chinese hand'. Gradually, karate was divided into two main groups: Shorin-ryu which developed around Shuri and Tomari and Shorei-ryu which came from the Naha area. "It is important to note, however, that the towns of Shuri, Tomari, Naha are only a few miles apart, and that the differences between their arts were essentially ones of emphasis, not of kind. Beneath these surface differences, both the methods and aims of all Okinawan karate are one in the same" (Howard, 1991). Gichin Funakoshi goes further to suggest that these two styles were developed based on different physical requirements Funakoshi, 1935). Shorin-ryu was quick and linear with natural breathing while Shorei-ryu emphasized steady, rooted movements with breathing in synchrony with each movement. Interestingly, this concept of two basic styles also exist in kung-fu with a similar division of characteristics (Wong, 1978). The Chinese character used to write Tode could also be pronounced 'kara' thus the name Te was replaced with kara te - jutsu or 'Chinese hand art' by the Okinawan Masters. This was later changed to karate-do by Gichin Funakoshi who adopted an alternate meaning for the Chinese character for kara, 'empty'. From this point on the term karate came to mean 'empty hand'. The Do in karate-do means 'way' or 'path', and is indicative of the discipline and philosophy of karate with moral and spiritual connotations. The concept of Do has been prevalent since at least the days of the Okinawan Scholar Teijunsoku born in 1663, as this passage from a poem he wrote suggests: No matter how you may excel in the art of te, And in your scholastic endevours, Nothing is more important than your behavior And your humanity as observed in daily life. (Nagamine,1976) The first public demonstration of karate in Japan was in 1917 by Gichin Funakoshi, at the Butoku-den in Kyoto (Hassell 1984). This, and subsequent demonstrations, greatly impressed many Japanese, including the Crown-Prince Hirohito, who was very enthusiastic about the Okinawan art. In 1922, Dr. Jano Kano, founder of the Japanese art of Judo, invited Funakoshi to demonstrate at the famous Kodokan Dojo and to remain in Japan to teach karate. This sponsorship was instrumental in establishing a base for karate in Japan. As an Okinawan "peasant art," karate would have been scorned by the Japanese without the backing of so formidable a martial arts master (Maliszewski, 1992). Today there are four main styles of karate-do in Japan: Goju-ryu, Shito-ryu, Shotokan, and Wado-ryu: Goju-ryu developed out of Naha-te, its popularity primarily due to the success of Kanryo Higaonna (1853-1915). Higaonna opened a dojo in Naha using eight forms brought from China. His best student, Chojun Miyagi (1888-1953) later founded Goju-ryu, 'hard soft way' in 1930. In Goju-ryu much emphasis is placed on combining soft circular blocking techniques with quick strong counter attacks delivered in rapid succession. Shito-ryu was founded by Kenwa Mabuni (1889-1952) in 1928 and was influenced directly by both Naha-te and Shuri-te. The name Shito is constructively derived from the combination of the Japanese characters of Mabuni's teachers' names - Ankoh Itosu and Kanryo Higaonna. Shito-ryu schools use a large number of kata, about fifty, and is characterized by an emphasis on power in the execution of techniques. Shotokan was founded by Gichin Funakoshi (1868-1957) in Tokyo in 1938. Funakoshi is considered to be the founder of modern karate. Born in Okinawa, he began to study karate with Yasutsune Azato, one of Okinawa's greatest experts in the art. In 1921 Funakoshi first introduced Karate to Tokyo. In 1936, at nearly 70 years of age, he opened his own training hall. The dojo was called Shotokan after the pen name used by Funakoshi to sign poems written in his youth. Shotokan Karate is characterized by powerful linear techniques and deep strong stances. Wado-ryu, 'way of harmony', founded in 1939 is a system of karate developed from jujitsu and karate by Hienori Otsuka as taught by one of his instructors, Gichin Funakoshi. This style of karate combines basic movements of jujitsu with techniques of evasion, putting a strong emphasis on softness and the way of harmony or spiritual discipline.